Most Straightforward way to get docker working is....?

I use ubuntu and the custom kernel from Daily Ubuntu Kernel Builds - Now With 100% More APT Repo!
It has enough of the required modules enabled to get docker working but does not have all of the nftables modules built.
You need to use the legacy iptables mode so run the below and select the legacy mode.

update-alternatives --config iptables

The kernel has binfmt support enabled so I would run the below to enable you to run x86 and arm docker containers.

docker run --name binfmt --privileged tonistiigi/binfmt:qemu-v6.1.0 --install all